MySQL is a popular open source database and it can easily be installed on WIndows 7. This guide will walk you through the process for downloading, installing and configuring MySQL Server 5.6.X to work on computer intended to be used as a development box. We will update this article regularly as the installation process for MySQL Server 5.6.X changes.
Head over to the MySQL downloads page. We’ll be downloading the MySQL Community Server Edition and there should be a Download button for the Windows (x86, 64-bit) installer towards the middle of the page. This single installer will allow you to install the 32bit or 64bit version of MySQL Server. Press the download button as shown in the graphic below:
3.2 Step 3: Start the Server
The MySQL is a client-server system. The database is run as a server application. Users access the database server via a client program, locally or remotely thru the net, as illustrated:
- The server program is called "
mysqld" (with a suffix 'd', which stands for daemon - a daemon is a non-interactive process running in the background).
- The client program is called "
mysql" (without the 'd').
The programs mysqld and mysql are kept in the "bin" sub-directory of the MySQL installed directory.
Startup Server
For Windows
To start the database server, launch a CMD shell:
d:
cd \myProject\mysql\bin
mysqld --console
......
......
XXXXXX XX:XX:XX [Note] mysqld: ready for connections.
Version: '5.6.xx-community' socket: '' port: 3306 MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Notes: The --console option directs the server output messages to the console. Without this option, you will see a blank screen.
Shutdown Server
For Windows
The quickest way to shut down the database server is to press Ctrl-C to initiate a normal shutdown. DO NOT KILL the server via the window's CLOSE button.
Observe these messages from the MySQL server console:
XXXXXX XX:XX:XX [Note] mysqld: Normal shutdown
......
XXXXXX XX:XX:XX InnoDB: Starting shutdown...
XXXXXX XX:XX:XX InnoDB: Shutdown completed; log sequence number 0 44233
......
XXXXXX XX:XX:XX [Note] mysqld: Shutdown complete
For Mac OS X
The EASY WAY: Via the graphical control. Click Apple Icon ⇒ System Preferences ⇒ MySQL ⇒ Stop.
WARNING: You should properly shutdown the MySQL server. Otherwise, you might corrupt the database and might have problems restarting it. BUT, if you encounter problem shutting down the server normally, you may kill the "mysqld" process in Task Manager (for Windows); or Activity Monitor (for Mac OS X); or System Monitor (for Ubuntu).
3.3 Step 4: Start a Client
Recall that the MySQL is a client-server system. Once the server is started, one or more clients can be connected to the database server. A client could be run on the same machine (local client); or from another machine over the net (remote client).
To login to the MySQL server, you need to provide a username and password. During the installation, MySQL creates a superuser called "root" with a temporary random password. I hope that you have taken note of this password!!
The MySQL installation provides a command-line client program called "mysql". (Recall that the server program is called "mysqld" with a suffix 'd'; the client program does not have the suffix 'd').
Let's start a command-line client with the superuser "root".
First, make sure that the server is running. See previous step to re-start the server if it has been shutdown.
For Windows
Start another NEW CMD shell to run the client:
d:
cd \myProject\mysql\bin
mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
// Enter the root's password set during installation.
// NOTHING will be shown for maximum security.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 1
Server version: 5.1.39-community MySQL Community Server (GPL)
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql>
For Mac OS X
Open a NEW "Terminal" and issue these commands to start a MySQL client with superuser root:
cd /usr/local/mysql/bin
./mysql -u root -p
Enter password:
// Enter the root's password set during installation.
// NOTHING will be shown for maximum security.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
......
mysql>
3.4 Step 5: Change the Password for the Superuser "root"
As mentioned earlier, the MySQL installation creates a superuser called "root" with a temporary random password. "root" is a privileged user that can do anything, including deleting all the databases. You are required to change the root's password after logging in.
Change the Password for "root"
Let's continue with our client session started earlier.
mysql> alter user 'root'@'localhost' identified by 'xxxx';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye
Re-Start a Client as "root" with the New Password
We have just changed the password for root and exited the client. Start a client and login as root again. Enter the password when prompted.
For Windows
mysql -u root -p
Enter password: // Type your password and enter. NOTHING will be shown for security.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.
......
mysql>
For Mac OS X
cd /usr/local/mysql/bin
./mysql -u root -p
Enter password: // Type your password and enter. NOTHING will be shown for security.
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.
......
mysql>
3.5 Step 6: Create a New User
The superuser "root" is privileged, which is meant for database administration and is not meant for operational. We shall create a new user - let's call it "myuser" - with a lesser privilege. To create a new user, start a client with superuser "root":
mysql -u root -p
./mysql -u root -p
mysql> create user 'myuser'@'localhost' identified by 'xxxx';
Query OK (0.01 sec)
mysql> grant all on *.* to 'myuser'@'localhost';
Query OK (0.01 sec)
mysql> quit
Explanation
- CREATE USER 'myuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'xxxx'
We use the command "create user" to create a new user called 'myuser'@'localhost', who can login to the server locally from the same machine (but not remotely from another machine), with password "xxxx".
- GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'myuser'@'localhost'
The newly created user has NO privilege to perform any database operation including select. We use the "grant" command to grant "all" the privileges (including select, insert, delete, and so on) to this new user on ALL the databases and ALL the tables ("on *.*"). This new user, in practice, has the same privilege as root, except that it cannot issue grant command. For production, you should grant only the necessary privileges on selected databases and selected tables, e.g., "grant select, insert, update on studentdb.*" - it can issue select, insert and update (but no delete, create/drop table) on ALL the tables of the database studentdb only.
3.6 Step 7: Create a new Database, a new Table in the Database, Insert Records, Query and Update
A MySQL server contains many databases. A database contains many tables. A table contains rows (records) and columns (fields).
Let's create a database called "studentdb", and a table called "class101" in the database. The table shall have three columns: id (of the type INT - integer), name (of the type VARCHAR(50) - variable-length string of up to 50 characters), gpa (of the type FLOAT - floating-point number).
CAUTION: Programmers don't use blank and special characters in names (database names, table names, column names). It is either not supported, or will pose you many more challenges.
TIPS: Before we proceed, here are some tips on using the client:
- You need to terminate your command with a semicolon (
;), which sends the command to the server for processing. E.g.,mysql> select * from class101 ;
- You can use
\c to cancel (abort) the current command. E.g.,mysql> select * from class101 \c
- A command can span several lines. The prompt for subsequent lines changes to
->. You need to terminate the command with a semicolon (;). E.g.,mysql> select *
-> from class101
->
-> ;
- If you open a single quote, without closing it, the prompt changes to
'>. For example,mysql> select 'xxx
'> '\c
- You can use up/down arrow keys to retrieve the previous/next commands (from the history commands).
- (For Windows) You should enable copy/paste functions of CMD shell. To enable copy/paste, click the CMD's icon ⇒ Properties ⇒ Options ⇒ Edit Options ⇒ Check "QuickEdit Mode". You can then select the desired texts and use a "right-click" to copy the selected text; another "right-click" to paste.
Let's start a client with our newly-created user "myuser".
mysql -u myuser -p
./mysql -u myuser -p
mysql> create database if not exists studentdb;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.08 sec)
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| ...... |
| studentdb |
| ...... |
+--------------------+
x rows in set (0.07 sec)
mysql> use studentdb;
Database changed
mysql> drop table if exists class101;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.15 sec)
mysql> create table class101 (id int, name varchar(50), gpa float);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.15 sec)
mysql> show tables;
+---------------------+
| Tables_in_studentdb |
+---------------------+
| class101 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> describe class101;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
| gpa | float | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.04 sec)
mysql> insert into class101 values (11, 'Tan Ah Teck', 4.8);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> insert into class101 values (22, 'Mohamed Ali', 4.9);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> select * from class101;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name | gpa |
+----+-------------+------+
| 11 | Tan Ah Teck | 4.8 |
| 22 | Mohamed Ali | 4.9 |
+----+-------------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select name, gpa from class101 where gpa > 4.85;
+-------------+------+
| name | gpa |
+-------------+------+
| Mohamed Ali | 4.9 |
+-------------+------+
1 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> update class101 set gpa = 4.4 where name = 'Tan Ah Teck';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from class101;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name | gpa |
+----+-------------+------+
| 11 | Tan Ah Teck | 4.4 |
| 22 | Mohamed Ali | 4.9 |
+----+-------------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> delete from class101 where id = 22;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.03 sec)
mysql> select * from class101;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name | gpa |
+----+-------------+------+
| 11 | Tan Ah Teck | 4.4 |
+----+-------------+------+
1 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> source d:\myProject\mycommands.sql
mysql> source ~/Documents/mycommands.sql
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
+------+-------------+------+
| id | name | gpa |
+------+-------------+------+
| 11 | Tan Ah Teck | 4.4 |
| 33 | Kumar | 4.8 |
| 44 | Kevin | 4.6 |
+------+-------------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
Exercises:
- Select records with names starting with letter
'K'. (Hints: name like 'K%')
- Select records with names NOT starting with letter
'K'. (Hints: name NOT like ...)
- Select records with
gpa between 4.35 and 4.65. (Hints: test-1 AND test-2)
- Select records with names having a letter
'e'. (Hints: name like '%e%')
- Select records with names having a letter
'e' or 'a'. (Hints: test-1 OR test-2)
- Select records with names NOT having a letter
'e' or 'a'. (Hints: NOT (test-1 OR test-2))
- Select records with names having a letter
'e' and gpa ≥ 4.5.
3.7 More Exercises
- Show all the databases.
- Create a new database called "
ABCTrading".
- Set the "
ABCTrading" database as the default database.
- Show all the tables in the default database.
- Create a new table called "
products" with the columns and type indicated below.+-------+----------+-------------+----------+---------+
| id | category | name | quantity | price |
| (INT) | CHAR(3) | VARCHAR(20) | (INT) | (FLOAT) |
+-------+----------+-------------+----------+---------+
| 1001 | PEN | Pen Red | 5000 | 1.23 |
| 1002 | PEN | Pen Blue | 8000 | 1.25 |
| 1003 | PEN | Pen Black | 2000 | 1.25 |
| 1004 | PCL | Pencil 2B | 10000 | 0.49 |
| 1005 | PCL | Pencil 2H | 9000 | 0.48 |
+-------+----------+-------------+----------+---------+
- Show the table description.
- Insert the above records and list all the records.
- List records with name containing "
Pencil".
- List records with price ≥ 1.0.
- Increase the price of all items by 10%, and list all the records.
- Remove "Pen Red" from the table, and list all the records.
4. Many-to-many Relationship
In a bookstore, a book is written by one or more authors; an author may write zero or more books. This is known as a many-to-many relationship. It is IMPOSSIBLE to capture many-to-many relationship in a SINGLE table with a fixed number of columns, without duplicating any piece of information! For example, if you organize the data in the table below, you will not know how many author columns to be used; and you need to repeat all the data for repeating authors.
The many-to-many relationship between books and authors can be modeled with 3 tables, as shown below. A books table contains data about books (such as title and price); an authors table contains data about the authors (such as name and email). A table called books_authors joins the books and authors tables and captures the many-to-many relationship between books and authors.
Exercises
- Create a database called "
mybookstore".
- Use "
mybookstore" as the default database.
- Create 3 tables "
books", "authors", and "books_authors" in the database "mybookstore", with column names and types as shown.
- Insert the respective records into the tables. List the contents of each of the tables.
- Try this query and explain the output:
SELECT books.title, books.price, authors.name
FROM books, books_authors, authors
WHERE books.isbn = books_authors.isbn
AND authors.authorID = books_authors.authorID
AND authors.name = 'Tan Ah Teck';
- List all the books (
title, price, qty) by "Tan Ah Teck" with price less than 20.
- List all the authors (
name and email) for the book title "Java for Dummies".
- List all the books (
title, price, qty) and all the authors (name and email) for books with title beginning with "Java" (Hints: title LIKE 'Java%').
5. Backup and Restore Databases
5.1 Backup via "mysqldump" Utility Program
You can use the "mysqldump" utility program to back up the entire server (all databases), selected databases, or selected tables of a database. The "mysqldump" program generates a SQL script that can later be executed to re-create the databases, tables and their rows.
For example, the following command backups the entire "studentdb" database to a SQL script called "backup_studentdb.sql".
For Windows
d:
cd \myProject\mysql\bin
mysqldump -u myuser -p --databases studentdb > "d:\myProject\backup_studentdb.sql"
For Mac OS X
cd /usr/local/mysql/bin
./mysqldump -u myuser -p --databases studentdb > ~/Documents/backup_studentdb.sql
Study the output file, which contains CREATE DATABASE, CREATE TABLE and INSERT statements to re-create the database and tables dumped.
5.2 Restore via "source" command in a mysql client
You can restore from the backup by running the "source" command in a MySQL client. For example, to restore the studentdb backup earlier:
For Windows
d:
cd \myproject\mysql\bin
mysql -u myuser -p
mysql> drop database if exists studentdb;
mysql> source d:\myProject\backup_studentdb.sql
For Mac OS X
cd /usr/local/mysql/bin
./mysql -u myuser -p
mysql> drop database if exists studentdb;
mysql> source ~/Documents/backup_studentdb.sql
6. Summary of Frequently-Used Commands
(For Windows) Starting MySQL Server and Client
cd path-to-mysql-bin
mysqld --console
Ctrl-c
cd path-to-mysql-bin
mysql -u username -p
(For Mac OS X) Starting MySQL Server and Client
cd /usr/local/mysql/bin
./mysql -u username -p
Frequently-used MySQL Commands
MySQL commands are NOT case sensitive.
;
\c
DROP DATABASE databaseName;
DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS databaseName;
CREATE DATABASE databaseName;
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS databaseName;
SHOW DATABASES;
USE databaseName
DROP TABLE tableName;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tableName;
CREATE TABLE tableName (column1Definition, column2Definition, ...);
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS tableName (column1Definition, column2Definition, ...);
SHOW TABLES;
DESCRIBE tableName;
DESC tableName;
INSERT INTO tableName VALUES (column1Value, column2Value,...);
INSERT INTO tableName (column1Name, ..., columnNName)
VALUES (column1Value, ..., columnNValue);
DELETE FROM tableName WHERE criteria;
UPDATE tableName SET columnName = expression WHERE criteria;
SELECT column1Name, column2Name, ... FROM tableName
WHERE criteria
ORDER BY columnAName ASC|DESC, columnBName ASC|DESC, ...;
SOURCE full-Path-Filename
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https://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/ehchua/programming/sql/MySQL_HowTo.html
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